Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Lifespan Overview

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability associated with difficulties in social communication and interaction and patterns of repetitive and restricted behaviors, interests, and preferences. Autism is a spectrum condition, presenting diversely across individuals, often intertwined with co-occurring medical or psychological disorders, and related to differing levels of clinical impairment. ASD can be detected in early infancy and changes across the lifespan. Research thus far has identified a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute to the etiology of autism. Accurate diagnosis requires an interdisciplinary team alongside child, parent, and medical or behavioral assessments. Following diagnosis, various supports including early intervention, school-based interventions, vocational training, mental health care, and independent living options are available. Quality interventions are individualized and implemented in home, school, and community settings to support an autistic person’s well-being across the lifespan. From a public health perspective, the increasing prevalence of ASD alongside difficulties in accessing autism-specific supports particularly impact marginalized and diverse groups of autistic individuals. These challenges have led to calls for policy reform to increase equitable and quality care. Overall, the tenants of neurodiversity that value differences, not deficits, and a strength-based, lifespan approach are imperative to support this community.