Spin-Orbit Coupled Rotating Spin-1 Bose-Einstein Condensates Under the Influence of External Magnetic Field

We investigate the topological excitations in the ground state of a spin-orbit (SO) coupled rotating spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) under the influence of externally applied magnetic field. We numerically solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation to study the ground state of these cases of SO coupled BEC with and without rotation considering different choices of magnetic fields to depict the competition between interatomic interaction, Rashba SO coupling, rotation and magnetic field. For a non-rotating spin-1 BEC without magnetic field, we observe a state with (0,+1,+2) type vortex at the centre, where the number in the parenthesis represents the vortex charge. For the rotating case, we observe that the vortices are arranged in exotic vortex structures owing to the choice of magnetic field applied - (a) along \(z-\) direction, (b) in \(x-y\) plane. These exotic structures include vortex-lattices, vortex-pair, vortex dipole, ghost vortices owing to different cases.