Aquatic Herbaceous Plants of the Amazonian Wetlands: Key Species Under Pressure

Aquatic herbaceous plants play a crucial role in Amazonian wetland ecosystems which are characterized by their unique hydrological cycles and diverse plant life. However, the fragile balance of these ecosystems is facing unprecedented challenges due to anthropogenic activities and the impacts of climate change. In this chapter, we explore the profound changes that Amazonian wetlands are undergoing and the direct effects of these changes on aquatic herbaceous vegetation. Specifically, we focused on this group of plants that inhabit three types of floodplains: the fertile white-water (várzea) and the oligotrophic black and clear-water (igapó). These distinct ecosystems have unique characteristics and constraints resulting from their natural peculiarities in synergy with anthropogenic disturbances. Combining scientific studies with field observations, we offer a comprehensive view of the characteristics and challenges faced by aquatic herbaceous plants in the Amazonian floodplains. In addition, we propose the potential impacts that projected climate change to the year 2100 will have on key aquatic macrophyte species in these environments. By highlighting the ecological importance and the vulnerabilities and threats faced by these species, we offer solutions for developing effective management plans focused on the conservation of the Amazon wetlands and their unique biodiversity.