Over the last several decades, technological advances in the fields of optics and camera design have led to the miniaturization of scopes, thus creating ureteroscopes, which allow access to all parts of the upper urinary tract. This has revolutionized the way urologists access, survey, and treat afflictions in the upper urinary tract, with renal stone disease being the most common. What used to require open surgery, which carried risks of relatively high morbidity and possible mortality, was suddenly possible through natural orifice surgery with a minimal risk of complications.