Lahar Deposits—Hyperconcentrated-Flow Type
摘要
Dilute lahars moving as hyperconcentrated flow are termed volcanic hyperconcentrated flows (VHFs). Their deposits commonly comprise faintly stratified sandy beds with minor gravel lenses and isolated large gravel clasts, but deposit characteristics can vary with solids concentration of the flow. Some dilute lahars flow as VHFs from start to finish, but flow transformations in long-runout lahars typically result in both VDF-type and VHF-type lithofacies in a single lahar deposit. Key features of VHF deposits include emplacement in wide, shallow, vertically banked, incised channels; plane-parallel bedding contacts that are faint and diffuse (sharp contacts may be present but are uncommon); dominantly low-angle cross-bedding; outsized clasts on deposit surfaces; slightly firm/hard consistencies; fine-grained cap layers, consolidation laminations, and other dewatering structures that disrupt bedding; and moderate to poor sorting.