Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), tephra falls (TFs), and glaciers deposit volcanic sediment, including juvenile volcaniclastics, in the same depositional zones as volcanic wet flows—on the flanks of volcanic edifices and in downstream river valleys. These processes can emplace deposits that closely resemble those of volcanic wet flows, and these other types of deposits are commonly interbedded with wet-flow deposits. This chapter gives an overview of the emplacement processes and physical characteristics of deposits emplaced by PDCs, TFs, and glaciers. It does not attempt to provide comprehensive treatments of pyroclastic or glacial deposits. However, it does emphasize the characteristics of subaerial PDC, TF, and glacial deposits that differ from those of volcanic wet flows. Relevant key characteristics of PDC, TF, and glacial deposits (primarily tills) are given for comparison, and numerous evaluation criteria are presented that can be used to differentiate volcanic wet-flow deposits (those of lahars, volcanic debris avalanches, and volcanic water floods) from deposits of these other processes.

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Other Processes Depositing Volcanic Sediment

  • Thomas C. Pierson,
  • Lee Siebert,
  • Kevin M. Scott

摘要

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), tephra falls (TFs), and glaciers deposit volcanic sediment, including juvenile volcaniclastics, in the same depositional zones as volcanic wet flows—on the flanks of volcanic edifices and in downstream river valleys. These processes can emplace deposits that closely resemble those of volcanic wet flows, and these other types of deposits are commonly interbedded with wet-flow deposits. This chapter gives an overview of the emplacement processes and physical characteristics of deposits emplaced by PDCs, TFs, and glaciers. It does not attempt to provide comprehensive treatments of pyroclastic or glacial deposits. However, it does emphasize the characteristics of subaerial PDC, TF, and glacial deposits that differ from those of volcanic wet flows. Relevant key characteristics of PDC, TF, and glacial deposits (primarily tills) are given for comparison, and numerous evaluation criteria are presented that can be used to differentiate volcanic wet-flow deposits (those of lahars, volcanic debris avalanches, and volcanic water floods) from deposits of these other processes.