Other Strategies in Genetic Engineering and Genetic Alterations for Ionizing Irradiation Adaptation

In the theoretical situation in which humans could be genetically altered at the stage of embryogenesis, there are unexpected and potentially deleterious consequences that must be considered. Animal model systems in basic science experiments have revealed that insertion of new genes or deletion of existing genes has serious consequences of genetic alteration. One major concern is the adaptation of embryos during gestation and development to compensate for the newly inserted or altered genetic program. The adaptation during gestation includes activation of other genetic elements and signaling pathways that may either enhance or neutralize the effect of the genetically engineered change. Animal experiments in which multiple genes have been altered in specific mouse strains have revealed multiple potentially untoward consequences of genetic engineering. These cautionary results must be considered when the research focus will be on using genetic engineering to adapt humans to radiation exposure during space travel.