Graphene-Based Photocatalysts in Sensing, Energy, and Therapeutic Applications

This book chapter extensively explores the diverse applications of graphene in cutting-edge technologies. It begins by delving into recent advancements in graphene-based sensor designs and their practical uses in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and chemical sensing. Furthermore, the chapter underscores the pivotal role that graphene plays in improving solar cells and photovoltaics. Thanks to its exceptional electrical conductivity, tunable bandgap, and high transparency, graphene is effectively employed in various components such as electrodes, charge transport layers, and transparent conductive coatings. These applications enhance charge transport, elevate light absorption, and ultimately boost the efficiency of solar energy conversion. The subsequent sections delve into the integration of graphene into photovoltaic batteries and supercapacitors, merging energy conversion and storage capabilities. These discussions shed light on how graphene can augment energy storage capacity, optimize charge–discharge cycles, and enhance overall system efficiency, with insights into advanced electrode materials, electrolytes, and device architectures. Additionally, the chapter explores the emerging applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and combined chemo-phototherapy, particularly their potential in cancer treatment and biomedical applications. Throughout the chapter, we highlight essential research findings, technological advancements, and future prospects concerning graphene-based materials and devices in various applications. Our goal is to offer a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art developments and inspire further research to fully harness the potential of graphene in advanced sensing, energy, and biomedical technologies.