Nutrition, Exercise and Alcohol Use

Healthy nutrition and regular exercise are crucial for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), on top of cardiovascular medication. Lifestyle interventions should be based on evidence-based guidelines by independent health authorities. Nutrition and exercise differ from targeted drug treatment because of relatively small effects on a wide range of health outcomes, accumulating over an extended period of time. Long-term commitment to lifestyle changes is therefore important. The patient’s social context and self-management skills should be considered when implementing lifestyle interventions. Cardiac rehabilitation and approved lifestyle intervention programs, with support from dieticians, physiotherapists, and psychologists, are recommended. CVD patients should aim at moving towards a more plant-based diet while reducing added sugars and salt. Intake of red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and highly refined grain products should be limited, amongst others. Deviating from evidence-based dietary guidelines may lead to nutrient deficiencies and adverse long-term health effects. Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are vital for bone health, particularly post-menopause. Dietary supplements are not needed with a diverse dietary pattern, except when recommended by health authorities or in case of extreme diets. Regular aerobic exercise, strength training and breaking up sedentary time are important for cardiovascular health. Alcohol should be abstained from or limited to a maximum of one glass per day, for overall health benefits.