Gallbladder Cancer

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) presents unique challenges due to its often asymptomatic nature and poor prognosis. Key risk factors include gallstones larger than 3 cm, a porcelain gallbladder, and chronic infections such as Salmonella Typhi. The disease is more common in females and is associated with obesity and certain genetic conditions. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scans, with MRI and MRCP providing additional details. Early-stage GBC may be discovered incidentally during routine cholecystectomy, highlighting the importance of histopathological examination of the gallbladder. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment for resectable GBC, with radical cholecystectomy being the preferred approach for T1b and higher stages. The extent of liver resection and lymph node dissection is determined based on the tumor stage and location. For advanced cases, palliative options such as biliary drainage and chemotherapy may be considered. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and adjuvant therapies, the overall prognosis for GBC remains poor, particularly for advanced stages. Regular follow-up and monitoring for recurrence are crucial for patients undergoing treatment for GBC.