Refractive Errors and Ocular Health

The components of a clinical optometric examination are explained, and how they relate to ocular health, visual fields, colour vision and refractive error. The possible associations with reading difficulty and techniques for treatment are set out. It is concluded that refractive errors, visual acuity, and ocular pathology are not correlates of developmental reading difficulties. However, refractive errors are common and can affect the ability to resolve detail, and can therefore contribute to reading difficulties in some cases.