Probiotics and Their Immunomodulatory Properties

Immune tolerance to invading and ingested microbes and dietary elements which act as antigens is imperative to maintain a healthy physique. The mucosal organs serve as first line of immunity against immunogens and maintain immune homeostasis. Probiotics along with intestinal microbiota and their metabolites protect host from infection by strengthening the gut barrier, inhibition of pathogens through cellular and humoral immunity, and suppression of pro-inflammatory responses. In addition, probiotics and resident gut microbiota attenuate pathogens and eliminate the xenobiotic substances. Probiotics affect mucin and components of Goblet cells. Strategies to monitor and modulate intestinal microbiota to boost and improve immunity are being improved. Genetic engineering has improved drug delivery and immunomodulatory efficacy of probiotics to treat, intercept, and prevent infectious and noninfectious diseases.