From a functional perspective, the complex anatomical structure of the corneaCornea acts more like an organ than a tissue. Different highly specialized cells interact to fulfill these duties. The multilayered epithelium, with its regenerative capacity (total replacement every week), acts in conjunction with the microvilli-covered surface with the tear film as a high-precision optical interface and a barrier against pathogens. Bowman layer represents the most anterior, acellular portion of the corneal stroma with high mechanical stability. In addition to the stabilization function, it provides the lead structure for the subbasal nerve plexusSubbasal nerve plexus (SNP), making it easily accessible by in vivo confocal microscopyIn vivo confocal microscopy due to its surface parallelism as well as for Langerhans cellsLangerhans cells in the case of injuriesInjury or inflammationsInflammation. The stroma, in total, is composed of regularly arranged bundles of collagen fibrils embedded in a glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix, which are interspersed with flattened fibroblast-like cells termed keratocytes. The boundary to the anterior chamber is formed by the Descemet membraneDescemet’s membrane, which represents the thickened (10–12 μm), specialized basement membrane of the corneal endotheliumCorneal endothelium. The endothelium, which is the only non-regenerative cell population of the corneaCornea, provides the stable water balance and, thus, the transparency of the stroma by means of the pump function. The overall concept of this chapter is to describe the morphology of the human corneaCornea by building bridges between findings of conventional clinical examination techniquesExamination techniques and information delivered by confocal in vivo-, light-, and electron-microscopy. This may stimulate the clinician to seek deeper insights into corneal physiology and pathophysiologyPathophysiology and stimulate interest in further research.