Overview of the Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Neurologic Disorders Affecting the Respiratory System

This chapter investigates the complex interplay between neurological disorders and respiratory dysfunction, focusing on the pathophysiology of the conditions that impair respiratory mechanisms. By reviewing up-to-date respiratory physiology, recent research and the challenges of translating findings from animal models to human contexts, the chapter underlines the importance of advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The analysis categorizes disorders based on their anatomical impacts on respiration, ranging from central nervous system diseases like multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica to peripheral challenges such as neuromuscular junction disorders and myopathies. It also elaborates on how these conditions disrupt the neural regulation of respiration, affecting one or more modalities including sensory input, neural connectivity, and motor output. This chapter aims to consolidate the understanding of the mechanisms behind respiratory dysfunction in neurological diseases, advocating for improved patient care and outcomes.