Land useLand use/land cover (LULC) is critical as an environmental variable that influences land surface processes and natural resources availability. Land useLand use/land cover changes (LULCC) driven by biophysical and anthropogenic factors are the major components of global environmental changes. Human-induced LULCC greatly alter the functioning of ecosystem services. The Abbay basinAbbay Basin, which is characterized by diverse topography, climate and natural resources, experienced substantial land useLand use/land cover changes for the past several years. Therefore, up-to-date information on the trends, driversDrivers of lund use land cover changes and implicationsImplications of land use land cover changes of LULCC has paramount importance in designing appropriate land useLand use policies and, thus minimize the negative consequences of the change. This book chapter assesses the trends, drivers and consequences of LULCC in the Abbay basinAbbay Basin. Accordingly, peer-reviewed articles were selected, and a systematic literature review was performed. Moreover, LULCC and its responses on the hydrologic processes, sediment yieldSediment yield and soil erosionSoil erosion were examined as case studies. The results showed considerable spatiotemporal changes in land useLand use/land cover for the past couples of decades in the Abbay basinAbbay Basin. Most of the changes include increasing cultivated land, built-up areas and waterbodies while decreasing forestland, bush/shrubland and grassland. The major drivers include population growth, resettlement programs, unwise utilization of land resourcesLand resource and development projects like large-scale agricultural investment and construction of dams. The substantial human-induced LULCC observed in the Abbay basinAbbay Basin aggravated soil erosionSoil erosion, increased sediment yieldSediment yield, altered hydrologic processes, decreased ecosystem services and affected the socio-economy of the local community and the country at large. Therefore, proper land useLand use planningPlanning should be implemented to minimize the negative consequences of LULCC on the socio-economy and the environment of the area and the surroundings.