Nutrient Contamination in Marine Environment

Water supports life, ecology, and basic production. Only 2.5% of Earth’s water is fresh, and only a small part is drinkable. Despite the Clean Water Act of 1972, phosphorus and nitrogen-based contaminants are hard to remove. Although aquatic species need fertilizers, too much input can disrupt ecosystems. Phosphorus and nitrogen perform complex ecological roles, but excesses are harmful. Eutrophication, algal blooms, and biodiversity are affected by nutrient enrichment. This chapter discusses eutrophication, nutrient sources, biogeochemical cycles, and impacts. Ag, industry, stormwater, fossil fuels, and nature create nutrient contamination. The nitrogen-phosphorus cycle affects aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment promotes eutrophication by causing algal blooms, oxygen deprivation, and biodiversity loss. HAB toxins harm aquatic life and humans. Nutrient toxicity affects ecosystems and health with ammonia and nitrate. Remediation includes biological, chemical, adsorption, and ion exchange to minimize nutrient contamination. Blue mussel farming, sustainable agriculture, and reduced car emissions reduce nutrient input. Breakpoint chlorination and nitrification-denitrification help remove nitrogen. Adsorption is a potential alternative to chemical precipitation and improved biological phosphate elimination. Nutrient pollution management protects ecosystems, human health, and water quality.