Twentieth-Century Ideas About Contact with Peru/Ecuador, Chile and Argentina

The years between 1950 and 2020 brought a series of hypotheses about trans-Pacific contacts driven by ideas and research on the diffusion of material cultureDiffusion (also diffusionism and diffusionist)cultural (also cultural practices or traits, and material culture) (i.e. stone clubsStone clubs and fishhooksFishhooks), cropsDiffusion (also diffusionism and diffusionist)crop (also plant) (i.e. the sweet potatoSweet potato ()), animalsDiffusion (also diffusionism and diffusionist)animal (including viral or bacterial strand, and parasite diffusion) (i.e. the chickenChicken ()), and languages. While several theories were a continuation of previous ideas, others have been reassessed with modern techniques including archaeologyArchaeology (also archaeological), modern DNADNA studies and research (also gene flow and pool, genetic and genomic), and ancient DNA studies.