Introduction

Unexpected events can pave the way to the emergence of crises whose unpredictability may lead to severe effects. Although their perception may vary from both a temporal and a spatial point of view, all those concepts revolve around the idea of harm and its consequences. Crises belong to the realm of “un-ness” (Boin et al. The crisis approach. In Rodriguez, H., Donner, W., & Trainor, J. E. (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 23–38). Springer, 2018); therefore their occurrence is characterized by surprise and their management requires prompt and effective decision-making (Farazmand, Crisis and Emergency Management. Theory and Practice. Routledge, 2014).