Parkinson’s Disease Progression and Treatment Dynamics Accounting for Nonlocality of Bioneurological Processes

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative condition marked by the gradual degradation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Understanding the dynamics of Parkinson’s disease progression and evaluating treatment techniques necessitates a complete assessment of the nonlocal character of the bioneurological mechanisms involved. This research explores a novel approach to model PD progression by integrating nonlocality into analysing bioneurological processes. Nonlocality in this context refers to the interdependence of the disease progression as the long-term memory. In addition, we have investigated the impact of the two therapeutic interventions on the dynamics of PD, the reduction of extracellular \(\alpha \) -synuclein and controlling the activated microglia. Our findings suggest that the memory effect delays the onset of Parkinson’s disease.