Psychological Theories of Autism

Over the eight decades since autism was first described, a distinct condition, efforts to explain the various manifestations of autism have generated a plethora of theories. These have ranged from explaining autism as a condition of “mind blindness” to a “social motivation deficit” disorder. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the most influential theories of autism and their historical evolution and impact, with a focus on psychological theories, that is, theories that use psychological constructs to explain core symptoms and other manifestations associated with autism. Additionally, we will cover evolving theoretical views on human development and disability across historical periods and cultural contexts that influenced autism conceptualizations. For example, broad psychological frameworks such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and constructivism played a prominent role in guiding theoretical concepts and practical approaches to autism in different eras. Other broad conceptualizations, such as the neurodiversity framework, are not formalized as a scientific theory but have a growing impact on how autism is approached. Although none of the psychological theories advanced in the field have received unequivocal scientific support, empirical work generated by theoretical advances provides critical insights into the nature of autism and ways to promote the well-being of autistic individuals.