Basic Electronics and Components

Starting from Maxwell’s fundamental electromagnetic equations, circuit theory can be derived as an approximation in specific situations. Transmission line theory, the foundation of high-frequency RF circuit design, can then be seen as the middle ground between hardcore electromagnetism and simplified circuit theory. Integrated circuits are implemented using both active and passive components. Active devices (mostly transistors) can be used to provide signal amplification, while the passive devices (inductors, transformers, capacitors, and transmission lines) take care of interconnects and ensure optimal operation at high frequencies. In this chapter, the fundamental physics and circuit theory required for high-frequency circuit design are discussed. Then, the primary active and passive components are introduced and their behavior is described.