Review of the Use of Wind and Solar Energy for Powering Small- and Medium-Sized Vessels, the Case of Indonesia

Decarbonization has become a major issue in the last three decades following the increase of atmospheric temperature worldwide. Among others, transportation sectors have contributed to the disaster quite significantly; land and air transportation have dominated the cause of about 22% contribution of air pollution and emissions. However, sea transportation has shown an increase trend and it is reported that it is about 3–4% in 2014 and this will increase sharply if proper actions are not taken seriously which are predicted 2–3 times in 2050. Several initiatives have been suggested to decrease emissions by adopting non-fossil fuel sources such as wind and solar energy. This includes the installation of sails, solar panels, wind turbines, and similar technologies. This paper reviews the potential of wind and solar energy for small- and medium-sized vessel and describes the current condition and its development of the use of wind and solar energy for small- and medium-sized vessels in the case of Indonesia.