Echocardiographic Follow-Up the Patients with Implanted Devices

Besides classical systolic function parameters and valvular pathology, patients with implanted devices need a particular evaluation. Patients with pacemaker/ implanted cardioverter (ICD) +/− PM. (1) Mechanical dyssynchrony induced by the high burden of right ventricle apical (RVA) pacing, influencing the long-term evolution. (2) Subclinical left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction identification using advanced echocardiographic techniques. (3) Pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (PIMC) criteria identification and the timing of up Grade at cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Patients with CRT: Revers remodeling identification.