Assessment of Different Biomaterials Based on Stress Distribution at the Bone–Implant Interface Using a Numerical Approach

This study investigates and compares the biomechanical performances of four distinct materials commonly used in dental implants; Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and Yttrium-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (YTZP). The research aims to assess the mechanical stability, stress distribution, and potential advantages or disadvantages of each material in dental implant applications. A finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate the stress at implants, cancellous bone, and cortical bone under masticatory loading conditions. Two commercial implant systems were designed and subjected to vertical and oblique 45° loading to assess their stability and ability to mitigate stresses on the bony regions. The results revealed varying biomechanical responses among the different materials. Ti-6Al-4V exhibited excellent overall performance with optimal stress distribution, and YTZP demonstrated comparable performance, being on par with the former. The polymers used in this study displayed promising characteristics, with notable advantages. This study offers crucial insights into the biomechanical properties of dental implant materials, forming a foundation for informed decision-making in implant dentistry. Further research is essential to support these findings and explore long-term clinical outcomes for each material.