The Robustness Issue in Emergency Response Processes

One of the most topical issues in the debate on emergency policies concerns the concepts of resiliency (De Bruijne et al. 2010; DeMond Shondell and Rivera 2011; Ross 2014) and robustness (Kendra and Wachtendorf 2003b; Ansell et al. 2021), which have been used to highlight the fundamental characteristics of emergency response processes that work well. The two concepts have been variously stretched and even used interchangeably but, in reality, they refer to different concepts (Capano and Woo 2017).