Understanding Atmospheric Rivers and Exploring Their Role as Climate Extremes

Atmospheric rivers (ARs), often referred to as “rivers in the sky,” are long, narrow, and intense water vapor transport features that play a significant role in climate extremes. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of ARs, their historical background, formation mechanisms, and characterization in the atmosphere. Tracing the historical evolution of AR research, from foundational studies on “tropospheric rivers” to contemporary satellite-based advancements, it unveils pivotal moments and technological strides. The “seeder-feeder” mechanism emerges as a key player in elucidating heavy precipitation episodes associated with ARs. Meticulous case studies from diverse regions, including Kerala (August 2018), Quebec (May 2017), and Mumbai (July 2005), underscore the real-world consequences of AR-associated floods, emphasizing the importance of robust algorithms and early warning systems. The synthesis of AR impacts, climatology, and interdisciplinary collaborations offers a holistic understanding of their role in triggering extreme weather events. Through compelling narratives and empirical evidence, the chapter unravels the devastating impacts of ARs, providing valuable insights for assessing vulnerabilities, managing risks, and fostering resilience.