Creating an Intuitive Model for Translation of Preoperative Imaging to Intraoperative Visualisation in Paediatric Surgery: Leveraging Augmented Reality for Accurate Depth Perception and Inner Anatomy on Tablet AR Platform

In the realm of surgical procedures, the integration of augmented reality (AR) stands as a promising avenue for elevating precision and refining outcomes. By superimposing digital data onto real-time surgical views, AR has the potential to offer comprehensive, three-dimensional visualisation that enhances the identification of crucial anatomical structures and optimises the surgical planning process. This research acknowledges the challenges linked with AR implementation, particularly concerning head-mounted displays (HMDs) and the intricate matter of depth perception. While previous studies have signalled potential distractions and ergonomic issues with HMDs, the complex nature of depth perception remains a crucial factor for accurate surgical procedures that demand careful consideration and mitigation. To illustrate the practical potential of AR in surgery, the study focuses on the development and testing of an innovative AR model utilising a tablet device, specifically tailored for paediatric surgical settings. Through System Usability Scores (SUS) and user satisfaction assessments, the model was demonstrated to be user-friendly and efficient, meeting the desired standards of usability. Participant feedback uncovered valuable insights, revealing the application’s strength in simplifying complex medical concepts for patients and their families, exceeding its perceived utility for the surgical team. This illuminates possibilities for improved doctor-patient communication, addressing gaps in medical interactions. Acknowledging the need for refinements, particularly in enhancing the application’s usability intraoperatively, the study emphasises the significance of smaller, less intrusive markers and additional anatomical information for seamless integration. Addressing these technical challenges is imperative to unlock the full potential of AR in surgical contexts. This research serves as a testament to the potential of AR in enhancing surgical procedures, paving the way for the utilisation of tablet-based AR to bridge the gap between pre-operative imaging and intra-operative findings. With further developments, this innovative approach holds promise to redefine surgical practices, heighten patient care, and advance medical outcomes across diverse healthcare applications.