An Overview on the Impact of Heavy Metals in Faunal Community of Soil and Its Controlling Approaches

The majority of human activities result in heavy metalHeavy metals pollutionPollution. Metal poisoning of soil is a very widespread environmental problem today. The soil is home to a broad range of macro- and microorganismsMicroorganisms. The impacts of heavy metalsHeavy metals on soil faunal communitiesFaunal communities, including bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and plants, are extensive. The type and concentration of heavy metalsHeavy metals determine how they influence living beings. In addition to changing the physiochemical characteristics of the soil, heavy metalsHeavy metals also affect nutrient mobility through the soil. Infected soil-dwelling organisms also experience effects at the cellular, individual, and population levels. Because of the bioaccumulation of heavy metalsHeavy metals in plants, they pass via the food chain and reach animals including humans. Soil contamination also has an indirect impact on people. There are many natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metalsHeavy metals. E-waste is also one of the man-made sources whichcontain potentially dangerous elements such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Ni. These metals negatively affect soil characteristics since they don’t degrade as easily as organic matter. This book chapter’s major objective is to examine the effects of heavy metalsHeavy metals on the soil faunal communityFaunal communities, soil structure, and appropriate control techniques. There are different treatment options are available to reduce heavy metalHeavy metals pollutionPollution like chemical coagulation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, adsorption, reduction, and ion but bioremediation is considered more beneficial as it is more naturally stable and economical. In bioremediation, organisms such as fungi, bacteria, and plants are employed to detoxify sources that are contaminated with heavy metalsHeavy metals. Treatment of heavy metalHeavy metals contamination is currently being carried out using a variety of techniques, including phytoremediationPhytoremediation, mycoremediation, vermiremidiation, micro remediation, and others. From all of the above-mentioned methods, vermiremediation is the most effective, eco-friendly, and cheapest method to remove heavy metalsHeavy metals from soil.