Extended Reality in Civil Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review

Extended reality (XR) integrates augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR), enabling users to interact with virtual objects and environments as if they were real. XR has found widespread use in civil infrastructure, including design, visualization, worker training, remote collaboration, and maintenance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the impact of XR on civil engineering and highlights its benefits for design and infrastructure. We conducted our review using articles from conferences and journals. Our review identifies the distribution of XR technology in civil infrastructure, design strategies employed in creating digital technology, and their limitations. Furthermore, our review lays the groundwork for developing the best practices for XR technology in civil infrastructure and suggests future research agendas.