Exploration Paths Derived from Trajectories Extracted from Second-Order System Responses

Recently, there has been an increase in new metaheuristic schemes in academic literature. Despite the diverse metaphors underlying these approaches, the search patterns employed to navigate the search space exhibit notable similarities. Conversely, second-order systems are characterized by varying temporal behaviors contingent upon their parameter values. These temporal dynamics can be construed as search patterns with diverse behaviors and straightforward configurations. This chapter introduces a novel set of search patterns designed to explore the search space efficiently, mirroring the behavior of second-order systems. These search patterns, integrated as a comprehensive search strategy named Second-Order Algorithm (SOA), aim to attain global solutions for complex optimization problems.