Laboratory to Field Scale Applications of Advanced Biological and Hybrid Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Successful pilot-scale operation and commercialisation are critical benchmarks in the development of advanced biological and hybrid technologies. The most challenging issue at the pilot-level operation is performance drop, which is usually inversely proportional to the reactor size. In view of the aforementioned constraints, this chapter aims to elucidate the pivotal factors that determine the commercialisation and economics of hybrid biological systems. In addition, the current technology readiness level (TRL) of different upcoming hybrid technologies has been identified, and suggestions for enhancing the same have been included in future perspectives. Overall, the book chapter presents a comprehensive assessment of the lab-to-field transition of the hybrid biological system and the way forward of these emerging technologies.