Cops on the Beat and Victims in the Street

Our goal in this chapter is to explore three aspects of environmental victimization. In the first, we provide an overview of the literature on theories of deterrence and compliance in regulatory enforcement in the United States and Europe. Second, we describe the literature on environmental/green victimology, looking broadly at victimization from a green criminological perspective that focuses on victimization through a social harm lens. Finally, we describe the historical evolution of criminal enforcement tools for the environment in the United States. We aim to provide a broad overview of the literatures in these areas to contextualize how we theorize about methods of environmental crime control, victimologies of environmental crime, and the evolution of criminal enforcement tools for the environment in the United States.