Impact of Synthetic Microfibers and Their Toxicity on the Environment

Globally, microfibers have emerged as pollutants, capturing the attention of scientists worldwide. According to estimates, synthetic microfibers now stand out as the most prevalent form of anthropogenic particles found across the globe, impacting humans, animals, plants, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, subsurface waters, and deep-sea environments. The nation is undergoing rapid industrial expansion, urban development, and economic growth, leading to a significant increase in synthetic microfiber presence. Once these microfibers enter the systems of organisms, they stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to the degradation of DNA and other macromolecules, ultimately resulting in apoptosis and cell death. Cellular deposition disrupts normal functioning, further contributing to cell death. The increasing rate of microfiber contamination is alarming, emphasizing the urgent need to develop methods and approaches on a global scale to tackle this pervasive issue. The ramifications of synthetic microfibers on human well-being and the environment have prompted international organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Union to formulate policies aimed at reducing synthetic microfiber pollution. Effective implementation of these policies often requires collaboration and compliance from multiple nations. There is a critical need for comprehensive research focused on addressing microfiber remediation to prevent their introduction into water bodies and subsequent bioaccumulation. Embracing innovations in green and sustainable chemistry holds significant promise for advancing circularity and enhancing quality. In this chapter, we attempt to summarize the impact of synthetic microfiber and its toxicity to the environment by focusing on living beings including freshwater inhabitants, marine water inhabitants, and humans, and habitat itself as in terrestrial and aquatic systems.