Smart Product-Service Systems: A Review and Preliminary Approach to Enable Flexible Development Based on Ontology-Driven Semantic Interoperability

This research conducts a systematic literature review on Smart Product-Service Systems (SPSS) to identify the current state of research and the gap related to flexibility issues by the views of semantics, requirements, and design methodologies. The review covers studies published between 2000 and 2022 in and finds a lack of systemic approaches on standardized formalization models, interoperability, context-aware systems, and self-adaptation. This gap in knowledge makes it difficult for companies to fully understand and implement a seamless and flexible SPSS development lifecycle. In response to this gap, the research proposes a preliminary approach for the implementation and management of SPSS, offering a possible solution for companies looking to understand and implement SPSS. The approach suggests that companies should technically focus on use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to support decision-making, and on formal standardized models to represent knowledge, helping to enable semantic interoperability across the development lifecycle. The proposed preliminary approach is a starting point for companies and for future research in the field.