Clonorchis sinensis and Carcinogenesis Risk: Biomarkers and Underlying Pathways

Liver cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, is associated with various risk factors including hepatitis viruses, alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and aflatoxin exposure. Parasite infections are now recognized as significant contributors to liver cancer risk, with certain parasites linked to increased cancer development. Clonorchis sinensis, a parasitic flatworm acquired through consuming raw fish, is associated with bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Chronic infection leads to persistent inflammation, causing DNA damage and promoting cancerous cell development. The molecular mechanisms of Clonorchis sinensis-associated carcinogenesis involve inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and activation of signaling pathways. Despite DNA repair mechanisms, overwhelmed repair can lead to genetic mutations affecting cell cycle control and promoting uncontrolled cell growth. The identified mechanisms may serve as potential biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma screening, diagnosis, and prognosis, providing valuable information for disease progression. Understanding the complex relationship between parasites and cancer enhances insights into liver cancer etiology, paving the way for improved preventive and diagnostic strategies on an international scientific level.