Trichomonas vaginalis and Cancer: Its Role in Cervical and Prostate Cancer Development

Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular eukaryotic parasite responsible for trichomoniasis, one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. This protozoan inhabits the urethra and vagina in women and the urethra and prostate gland in men. In women, trichomoniasis can lead to vaginitis, characterized by symptoms such as vaginal discharge, itching, painful urination, urinary urgency, pain during intercourse, and bleeding after intercourse. In men, the infection often presents without symptoms but can cause urethritis, marked by painful urination and urethral discharge. Additionally, trichomoniasis is linked to other health issues, including preterm birth in pregnant women, prostatitis, epididymitis, and an increased risk of acquiring viruses like HIV and potentially HSV-2 and HPV. The high prevalence of T. vaginalis in sexually active populations underscores the importance of this microorganism as a significant contributor to reproductive morbidity. Moreover, its association with cancers, serving as a cofactor or risk factor for cervical cancer in women and prostate cancer in men, warrants further investigation. Understanding the mechanisms through which T. vaginalis may contribute to the development of these cancers is imperative.