Helicobacter pylori: Its Significance in the Pathogenesis of Gastric Malignancies

Helicobacter pylori infection is a significant global public health issue. Despite a recent decline in its worldwide prevalence, it remains a substantial concern. Most individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic; however, the infection can lead to severe gastrointestinal conditions, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and cancer. It is estimated that about 90% of gastric cancer cases are linked to this infection. The severity of H. pylori-related diseases is connected to various virulence factors that disrupt cellular responses and signaling pathways in the host, leading to inflammation in gastric cells. Notably, oxidative and nitrosative stress are significant mechanisms that can cause cellular and DNA damage, potentially leading to genetic errors and the development of gastric cancer. Detection methods for this bacterium vary, ranging from noninvasive tests like serology to invasive procedures such as endoscopy with biopsy. Despite over three decades of therapeutic experience, a universally accepted treatment regimen is still not established. The increasing resistance to multiple antimicrobials complicates the battle against this bacterium, reducing the efficacy of many existing therapies. Prevention of H. pylori infection is crucial to decrease the incidence of associated gastrointestinal diseases.