NGOs Nonmarket Strategies and Corruption: A Co-evolutionary Perspective

The paper examines how the complementarity between internal and external MNEs nonmarket agent strategies affects the corruption level of the Turkish economy until institutional change is achieved. The paper applies co-evolutionary theory and emphasizes Non-Government Institutions (NGOs) as a particular case of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). The one-way ANOVA statistical method is applied. Results indicate that, among the three selected NGOs nonmarket agent strategies, the highest corruption mitigation is achieved when institutional borrowing signals Joint Ventures, or NGOs succumb to co-evolution. The moderate and lowest reductions of corruption are achieved when institutional borrowing signals non-equity and Wholly Owned Subsidiaries, or NGOs succumb to co-evolution and institutional adaptation, respectively.