Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects of Implanted Medical Devices in Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Nowadays, cardiovascular disease continues to remain the leading cause of death worldwide if not carefully monitored and treated. In modern medicine, early diagnosis, early monitoring and treatment of cardiovascular disease is a major concern. In this paper, we review the latest information on the characteristics of some cardiovascular implantable medical devices (IMDs) and the toxicological reactions that may occur as a result of their use. Bioengineering is an expanding field, and advances in new technologies have paved the way for the development of innovative and intelligent IMDs that, due to their advanced properties, can improve diagnosis and optimize treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Commonly used cardiovascular implants include pacemakers, coronary stents and cardiac defibrillators. IMDs are considered to be devices at high risk of triggering complications. Specific reactions, such as inflammation, pain, infection, clotting, allergic reactions and implant rejection, can frequently occur as a result of their use. Managing these adverse effects is one of the major challenges, and they can be limited by strict regulations on monitoring the effectiveness and safety of patients using these implantable devices.