A Patient with Leukemia and a Fever

Fever in the pediatric cancer patient who is undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy or has received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a common reason for presentation to the emergency department and should be considered an oncological emergency. This chapter reviews the initial management of neutropenic fever, including risk stratification of patients, common pathogens to consider, and empiric antimicrobial therapy. It also discusses the etiology and management of non-chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in the pediatric population.