The Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), collectively known as “syngas,” into liquid hydrocarbons. Traditionally used for coal liquefaction and natural gas conversion, this process is also expected to be crucial in producing renewable fuels, particularly kerosene for aviation, as well as naphtha and diesel. The Fischer–Tropsch process yields synthetic crude oil (syncrude), encompassing a broad hydrocarbon range (C1 to C100), and requires further upgrading or refining to produce usable fuels. In this context, this chapter examines the differences between conventional and Fischer–Tropsch crude oil refining, the specific methods required to refine Fischer–Tropsch products, and anticipated advancements in this field.