A Simulation Study on On-Road Fuel Consumption of Motorcycles by the Implementation of AVL-Cruise

This paper examines the development of a simulation model for motorcycles based on real-world fuel consumption and driving characteristics. Using a data recording device, the instantaneous parameters of the test motorcycle were collected. The model was developed in a dedicated simulation software AVL-Cruise based on its mechanical parameters. The model was validated based on collected data in laboratory conditions following the WMTC driving cycle. The developed model was then used to simulate fuel consumption by using input data of vehicle speed profiles that were obtained from on-road operation conditions in the Hanoi center. The model is reasonably accurate with the MAPE, RMSPE, and R2 were 14.35%, 23.57%, and 0.8778, and 67.27% of simulated data points had a relative deviation of less than 20% compared to measured ones. The model replicated the fuel consumption based on the input on-road speed profiles with reasonable accuracy, with MAPE and RMSPE ranging from 14.1% to 32.23% and R2 values for the whole cycle between 0.8376 and 0.9254 for all routes. The R2 was between 0.9317 and 0.9514, and the RMSPE was 5.09% to 6.518%, showing the model can catch a reasonable fuel rate at cruising mode. In acceleration and deceleration modes, the RMSPE ranges from 17.46% to 23.32% and 29.57% to 32.23%, lowering the model's simulation capacity. The simulation average fuel consumption in term of L/100km values were 15.6% to 21.2% lower than experimental values.