The Welfare of Goats in Adverse Environments

Goats are considered to be ideal climate resilient animals in the changing climate scenario. They are the most widely dispersed domestic animals worldwide, encompassing dry tropical, sub-tropical, and arid regions of developing and developed countries. Goat farming plays a pivotal role in livelihood and socioeconomic aspects of small, marginal, and landless livestock farmers worldwide. Goats can survive in different environmental conditions, from sub-tropical arid and Mediterranean climates to continental climates, as well as in high-altitude environments. Goat farming in urban, peri-urban, and fringes of cities is reported in countries such as Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Mali, Uganda, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, etc. Policy makers perceive these animals as small-holder livestock and thus as a possible means to end poverty among poor and marginal farmers. In the changing climate scenario, goats possess the ability to survive in multiple locations and environments, which are very challenging in nature. However, the adaptation efforts to these challenging environments might significantly hamper goat’s welfare, especially under extensive conditions. The challenges pertaining to animal welfare posed by exposure to various environmental conditions necessitate the application of several solutions concerning shelter management, dietary interventions, and disease control. A genetic approach may provide permanent solutions in developing the excellent climate resilient potential in goats.