IoT in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are conveniently used in precision agriculture to gather field and crop information without any over-the-surface footprint that could interfere with other farming activities. However, the underground medium is a challenging medium for wireless communications because of the attenuation caused by soil and its time-varying properties. This research presents long-term soil moisture measurements and radio communication evaluations. Analysis of the impacts of field conditions on wireless underground communication is provided. Additionally, the detection capabilities of the sensor networks are expanded to a cyber-physical system using a cloud-based controller that determines the appropriate water application level.