Exploring Water’s Role in Sustainable Electricity Generation for Power in Future

Water plays a crucial role in energy generation as a part of the energy-water-food nexus. In fulfilling the global demand for sustainable energy solutions, the role of water cannot be neglected. India is taking steps towards dependence on renewable energy sources and has committed to meet 50% of the requirements from renewable sources by 2030. More than 80% of the non-agricultural freshwater withdrawal is reported only for energy generation, specifically electric energy. Hydropower, solar PV, Marine wave energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy, etc., can be significant energy resources in the future. In each of them, water is involved directly or indirectly. Hydropower generation has a direct impact on water resources. Compared to countries like Brazil, the hydropower in India is only 13%. Cleaning and maintenance of PV panels, biofuel production, cooling systems in thermal power plants, CCS technology to control emissions, and electrolysis for hydrogen generation are processes in power generation with significant water footprint. Beyond hydropower, solar photovoltaic and conventional energy processes, emerging technologies such as advanced bioenergy and geothermal energy present unique challenges and opportunities in terms of water use. Bioenergy production, particularly advanced biofuel production, involves intricate water-intensive processes for biomass cultivation and conversion. Although considered a low carbon energy source, geothermal energy requires careful water management for improved efficiency and sustainable utilization. Understanding the intricate relationship between water and power generation is crucial, especially considering India’s current water resource challenges. Given the increasing water footprint in power generation, coupled with existing water scarcity concerns, proactive measures are imperative to address and mitigate potential future water shortages. This chapter explores the intricate dynamics of water’s role in various facets of power generation, aiming to inform sustainable practices and policies for a water-conscious energy future.