Heavy Metal Removal Performance of Low-Cost Technologies for Wastewater Treatment in Development Communities—A Comparative Assessment

Natural wastewater treatment solutions that are low in cost are incredibly beneficial in developing countries that lack investment and technology. In addition, wetland methods produce excellent wastewater treatment outcomes. This study suggests different drainage wastewater technologies that use wetlands besides adding Mouringa oleifera seeds, which are operative in eliminating suspended solids, turbidity, color, chemical oxygen demand, and other organic contaminants. Studies have been conducted to cover the objectives described as follows: First, a study area was explored as an in-stream wetland equally a natural treatment, and heavy metals removal efficiency for the case study. Second, laboratory analysis using M. oleifera seeds for drainage water treatment was presented. For the wetland study area, treatment efficiency was 60% for Arsenic, 85% for Cadmium, and 90% for Nickel. The investigated technologies give a less expensive alternative to standard treatment techniques that do not require chemical substances for treatment and need just minor operation and maintenance. The in-stream wetland may be used to cover a higher percentage of drains. It is recommended that M. oleifera be used with native plants in the in-stream wetland, particularly in sedimentation.