4D Flow MRI

4D flow MRI is a unique technique to measure the in-vivo blood velocity vector spatially and temporally resolved. It allows the derivation of important hemodynamic parameters such as peak velocity, net flow, wall shear stress, and others, which are important parameters for a large range of diseases. This chapter will cover the basic techniques of MR velocity encoding, current acquisition strategies and practical aspects, postprocessing of the acquired data, current limitations, and an overview of current and future research directions.