The Influence of Dust on Photovoltaic Performance: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

The presence of dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules hinders the penetration of light into the cells, leading to a decline in power output and system instability. Dust particles can obstruct light transmission, leading to reduced photon absorption and conversion efficiency. Additionally, the chemical interaction between dust particles and module surfaces may result in etching, scratching, and discoloration, further compromising module functionality. Examining the physics and chemistry of dust particles in relation to PV modules allows for a deeper understanding of their behaviour and their potential detrimental effects. To mitigate the adverse effects of dust, various cleaning and mitigation strategies have been developed. Manual cleaning, although widely practiced in the past, is labour-intensive and may not be practical in large-scale installations. Consequently, automated cleaning systems have emerged as an efficient solution. These systems employ mechanisms such as brushes, wipers, or high-pressure water jets to remove dust and maintain optimal module performance. Developing standardized protocols for assessing dust impact, including sampling time, cleaning frequency, dust homogeneity, and measurement periods, is crucial for accurate evaluation and comparison of cleaning strategies. Modelling plays a crucial role in understanding the complex interaction between dust and PV modules. Dust models need to consider factors such as particle size, shape, distribution uniformity, and the influence of environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and wind speed. A generalized dust model that incorporates these parameters can aid in predicting and mitigating the impact of dust on PV system performance. Integration of such models into PV system design software would enable accurate assessment of performance and inform optimal system sizing and planning. Exploring new prospects in the field of dust impact on PV modules opens up exciting opportunities for advancements. Research gaps exist in areas such as developing a generalized dust model that considers particle properties, studying the effects of dust on emerging PV technologies, and understanding the long-term performance and durability of modules in dusty environments. Addressing these gaps will enhance our understanding of the challenges associated with dust accumulation and pave the way for improved PV system design, maintenance, and performance in diverse environmental conditions. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of dust on PV module performance. It highlights the importance of automated cleaning systems, explores the effects of dust on glass and transparent materials, discusses mitigation and cleaning strategies, emphasizes the significance of modelling, and identifies new research prospects.