Technical Validation of Photoacoustic Imaging Systems Using Phantoms

Technical validation studies are paramount for objective performance evaluation and calibration of novel imaging devices, aiding their development and effective translation into clinical practice. Such studies usually rely on the use of tissue-mimicking test objects termed “phantoms.” This chapter outlines recommendations and best practices for technical validation studies in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and provides an overview on current standardization efforts in the field. Specifically, it expands on the role of phantoms in the technical validation process, highlights key recommendations on properties and characterization methods for PAI phantoms, and provides a framework for technical validation studies of PAI systems.