The International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) 2023 computational thinking (CT) framework delves into the evolving concept of CT within the context of educational curricula. The chapter traces the history of CT, from its early conceptualizations focusing on logical reasoning and programming, to the advent of block-based coding platforms like Scratch and Blockly, which have made coding more accessible. It also discusses the integration of CT in the International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) and the development of an internationally comparable CT scale. The chapter further explores the differing perspectives on CT, ranging from viewing it as a subset of computer science to recognizing its broader problem-solving applications. We present and discuss various definitions of CT and the constituent components identified in the literature, underscoring the diversity of interpretations and representations of CT.The framework for ICILS 2023 CT is presented in detail, including its structure, strands, aspects, and the underlying rationale. We emphasize the importance of understanding and framing real-world problems for computational formulation, alongside the development of algorithmic solutions operationalizable by computers. The chapter concludes with insights into the future directions of CT assessment and its potential implications for educational practices and policies.